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Child Prodigies: Myths and Misunderstandings

신동: 잘못된통념과오해

Do you think you would be happy being a child prodigy, someone who is truly gifted in something at a very young age?

여러분은 매우어린나이에무언가에매우재능이있는사람인신동이되면행복할것이라고생각하는가?

Maybe you would, and maybe you wouldn't.

아마도 여러분은그럴수도있고그렇지않을수도있을것이다.

However, we live in a society that generally accepts the idea that giftedness leads to success, and success guarantees a life full of happiness.

그러나우리는 영재성이성공으로이끌며, 성공이행복으로가득찬삶을보장한다는생각을일반적으로받아들이는사회에서살고있다.

Does giftedness guarantee future success?

영재성이미래의성공을보장하는가?

There are two ways to answer this question.

이질문에대답하는두가지방법이있다.

One is simply to track the achievements of precocious kids.

하나는 단순하게조숙한아이들의업적을추적하는것이다.

There is a mid-1980s study of adults who attended New York City's highly regarded Hunter College Elementary School, which was founded in the 1920s as a training ground for America's future intellectual elite and only admitted children with an IQ of 155 or above.

뉴욕시에서 매우높이평가되던Hunter College 부속초등학교에다녔던성인들을대상으로한1980년대중반의한연구가있는데, 이 학교는미국의미래지성인을위한양성소로써1920년대에설립되어아이큐155 이상의아이들만입학을허락했던곳이다.

Yet the fate of the Hunter College child geniuses in the study was not greatness; it was simply being okay.

그러나이연구에서Hunter College 신동들의운명은그리대단하지않았다. 그저괜찮았을뿐이었다.

Thirty years down the road, the Hunter graduates were all doing pretty well and were reasonably well adjusted and happy.

30년후에Hunter 졸업생들은모두꽤잘하고있었고상당히잘적응하고행복했다.

Most of them had good jobs and many had advanced degrees.

그들대부분은좋은직장을얻었고고급학위를받았다.

But surprisingly, none of the Hunter graduates became CEOs of world-famous corporations, prominent politicians, well-known writers, or Nobel Prize winners; there were no people who were nationally known in their fields.

그러나 놀랍게도, Hunter 졸업생중어느누구도세계적으로유명한기업의최고경영자, 저명한정치인, 유명한작가, 또는노벨상 수상자가되지못했다. 즉, 자신의분야에서전국적으로알려진사람이없었다.

They were genius kids, but they were not genius adults.

그들은천재어린이였으나천재 성인은아니었다.

A similar pattern emerged in Ontario, Canada, in the 1970s.

유사한양상이캐나다의온타리오에서1970년대에나타났다.

There was an elementary school with a team of elite runners.

뛰어난달리기 선수팀이있는초등학교가있었다.

At that time, there were 15 nationally-ranked runners who were 13 and 14 years old.

그당시13~14세인전국적으로상위권에드는달리기 선수들이15명있었다.

According to research done ten years later, only one runner from that group became a top runner at the age of 24.

10년후의연구에따르면, 그집단출신선수 중단한명만이24살에최고의달리기선수가되었다.

In fact, the number-one runner at the age of 24 was someone known as a poor runner when he was young, Doug Consiglio.

사실24살의 최고달리기선수는어렸을때실력없는달리기선수로알려진Doug Consiglio였다.

Doug was thought to be an awkward kid.

Doug는서툰 아이로여겨졌다.

When he was 14, all the other kids asked, "Why does he even bother?"

그가14살이었을때다른모든아이들은'왜그가저렇게애를 쓸까?'라고물었다.

Another way to look at precocity is to work backwards — to look at adult geniuses and see what they were like as kids.

조숙함을살펴보는또다른방법은거꾸로거슬러가 보는것, 즉성인천재를살펴보고그들이아이였을때어땠는지보는것이다.

A number of studies have taken this approach, and they found a similar pattern.

많은 연구들이이접근법을택했고유사한양상을발견했다.

A study of 200 highly accomplished adults found that just 34 percent had been considered precocious as children.

매우뛰어난200명의성인을 대상으로한연구에따르면단지34 퍼센트만이어렸을때조숙한것으로여겨졌다고한다.

There is also a long list of historical geniuses who were quite ordinary as children; the list includes Copernicus, Rembrandt, Bach, Newton, Beethoven, Kant, and Leonardo da Vinci.

어렸을때평범했던역사적인천재들도많이있다. 그중에는Copernicus, Rembrandt, Bach, Newton, Beethoven, Kant, and Leonardo da Vinci가포함된다.

None of these geniuses would have made it into Hunter College Elementary School.

이천재들중어느누구도Hunter College 부속초등학교에들어가지못했을것이다.

As you can see from these studies, precocity is a trickier subject than people may ordinarily think.

이런연구들을통해알수있듯이조숙함은사람들이흔히생각하는것보다더까다로운주제이다.

The benefits of earlier mastery are often overestimated.

조기에숙달하는것의이점이종종과대평가된다.

There are many people who either started out good and went bad or started bad and ended up good.

훌륭하게시작했다가형편없이되는사람들도있고, 별볼일없이시작했다가결국잘된사람들도많다.

Early acquisition of skills — which is often what we mean by precocity — may be a misleading indicator of later success.

종종 우리가'조숙함'의의미라고생각하는기술의조기습득은훗날의성공의잘못된지표일수있다.

When we call a child precocious, we have a very inaccurate definition of what we mean.

어떤아이를조숙하다고할때우리는우리가의미하는것에대해매우부정확한정의를내리고있다.

Generally, what we mean is that a person has an unusual level of intellectual or physical ability for his or her age.

일반적으로우리가의미하는것은어떤사람이나이에비해특별한수준의지적또는신체적 능력을가지고있다는것이다.

Adult success has a lot to do with more than that.

성인의성공은그것보다더많은것과관련이있다.

In our obsession with precocity, we are exaggerating the importance of being talented.

조숙함에대한집착에서우리는(타고난) 재능이있다는것의중요성을과장하고있다.

Rather, deliberate practice toward a goal is much more important than natural-born ability.

오히려 목표를향한계획적인연습이타고난능력보다훨씬더중요하다.

For example, when we say that a great musician is naturally gifted, does that tell us that he or she practices a lot, wants to practice a lot, or likes to practice a lot?

예를 들면, 우리가훌륭한음악가가천부적인재능이있다고말할때, 그것이우리에게그사람이연습을많이하는지, 연습을 많이하길원하는지, 또는연습을많이하길좋아하는지를알려주는가?

People often cite Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart as a child prodigy, someone who acquired his musical skills very early.

사람들은종종Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart를신동, 즉음악적기술을매우일찍습득한사람으로언급한다.

He started to compose music at the age of four.

그는4세의나이에음악을 작곡하기시작했다.

By six, he traveled around Europe giving special performances with his father, Leopold.

6살에그는아버지Leopold와함께특별공연을하면서유럽전역을 돌아다녔다.

He is, therefore, the perfect example of a precocious child.

따라서그는조숙한아이의완벽한예이다.

However, there are faults in the Mozart myth.

그러나Mozart 신화에는오류가 있다.

First of all, the music he composed at four isn't any good.

우선그가4세에작곡한음악은그다지훌륭하지않다.

His childhood works are basically arrangements of works by other composers.

그의 어린시절작품은실은다른작곡가작품의편곡이었다.

Also, rather suspiciously, they were written down by his father.

또한그것들이그의아버지에의해쓰였음이 꽤의심된다.

Leopold was the 18th-century version of a modern day parent who goes all out to make his or her child a star.

Leopold는자신의자녀를스타로만들기위해전력을다하는현대부모의 18세기버전이었다.

Indeed Wolfgang's legendary precocity was exaggerated somewhat by his father's probable lying about his age.

사실Wolfgang의전설적인조숙함은Mozart의나이에대한아버지의 가능성있는거짓말에의해다소과장되었다.

Young Mozart's incredible musical ability might better be attributed to practice, practice, practice.

어린Mozart의놀라운음악적능력은이보다는 연습, 연습, 연습에기인한것일지도모른다.

Compelled to practice three hours a day from age three on, by age six, the young Wolfgang had practiced an astonishing 3,500 hours — three times more than anybody else in his peer group.

3살부터하루에 세시간씩연습해야만했기때문에어린Wolfgang은6세가되었을때3,500 시간이라는믿기힘든시간을연습했는데, 이시간은또래집단에있는다른누구보다세배더많은시간이었다.

Mozart's famous precocity as a musician was not so much natural musical ability as his ability to work hard, his circumstances, and a father that pushed him to do so.

Mozart의음악가로서의잘알려진조숙함은천부적인음악적재능이라기보다는열심히하는그의능력, 그의상황, 그리고 그렇게하도록밀어붙인아버지때문이었다.

A better example for what precocity really is may be the famous intellectual late-bloomer, Einstein.

조숙함이진정으로무엇인지에관한더좋은예는 아마도지적으로늦게꽃핀사람으로유명한Einstein일것이다.

According to one biographer's description of the future physicist, Einstein displayed no remarkable native intelligence as a child.

그미래의 물리학자(Einstein)에관한한전기작가의묘사에따르면, Einstein은어렸을때괄목할만한천부적지능을보여주지못했다.

His success seems to have come from certain habits and personality traits— curiosity, resolve, and determination.

그의성공은호기심, 의지, 그리고결단력과같은특정한습관과성격적특성에서비롯된 것으로보인다.

No doubt, these traits are not particularly fascinating, but they are, perhaps, the more essential components of genius.

의심할여지없이이런특성들은특별히매력적인것은아니지만, 아마도천재의 더필수적인구성요소일것이다.

As seen from studies of precocity, a precocious child may not become a talented adult.

조숙함에관한연구에서본것처럼, 조숙한아이는재능 있는어른이되지않을수도있다.

Furthermore, a talented adult may not have been a precocious child.

게다가재능있는어른이조숙한아이가아니었을수도 있다.

Predictions from childhood about adult performance cannot be made based on relatively fixed traits such as IQ and early acquisition of skills.

어린시절을통해성인이되었을때의성과를예측하는것은IQ, 기술의조기습득과같은상대적으로고정된특성에근거하여예측할수없다.

Instead, many of the traits that really matter in predicting adult success are variable traits like creativity, determination, and leadership.

대신에 성인의성공을예측하는데있어정말로중요한자질중다수는창의성, 결단력, 그리고리더십과같은가변적인 특성이다.

Thus, if you want to know whether a 14-year-old runner will be a good runner when he or she is 24, you must simply wait ten years to find out how truly successful he or she has become.

따라서만약여러분이14세의달리기선수가24세때 훌륭한선수가될것인지알고싶다면, 그가정말로성공하게될지알아내기위해서는그저10년을기다려야한다.